Advanced Placement (AP) European History Practice Exam

What happened to local grasses when Old World quadrupeds were transported to new territories?

1. They flourished alongside local grass species

2. They quickly adapted to tropical environments

3. They were largely replaced by Old World forage grasses

4. They became the dominant species in all regions

The correct answer is: They were largely replaced by Old World forage grasses

The introduction of Old World quadrupeds, such as cattle and sheep, to new territories often led to significant ecological changes, particularly regarding local grasses. When these animals were brought to regions like the Americas and Australia, they typically thrived in their new environments due to the lack of natural predators and competition. As a result, the forage grasses from the Old World, which had been adapted to grazing by similar animals, tended to outcompete the native species. The grazing habits of these quadrupeds had a profound impact on the local ecosystems. They often preferred certain grass types, which allowed the Old World grasses to proliferate, while local grasses faced increased grazing pressure and competition. Consequently, many areas saw a decline in the native grass populations, leading to a shift in the landscape towards those grasses that originated from the Old World. This process of replacement is also emblematic of larger environmental changes introduced by colonial activities, where the transfer of species and livestock disrupted established ecosystems, leading to the dominance of introduced species. This phenomenon reflects the broader pattern of ecological imperialism, where non-native flora and fauna often overwhelm local ecosystems following human intervention. Thus, the correct answer highlights the ecological outcomes of such introductions, specifically how Old World forage grasses largely replaced local grass